Hey, Hey LBJ – Happy Birthday!

From the minute he (unnecessarily) took the presidential oath following the assassination of JFK, Johnson moved the nation forward.

Today is Lyndon B. Johnson’s birthday. Our 36th president has been remembered most for his leadership of the doomed Vietnam War. And while his leadership of this war, well his foreign leadership in general, was poor, this should only be a small part of our national memory. LBJ wanted to be a remembered president, and he has been – but for all the wrong reasons.

LBJ might have had little insight about foreign policy, but his presidency also led one of the great moments of social and domestic reform in the United States. He championed the Civil Rights movement. Unlike JFK, who had been hesitant to throw his support behind the movement, LBJ made it a priority. And his keen political insight allowed him to get away with it. In 1964, he pushed Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act. Recognizing the power of Kennedy’s death, he begged Congress to vote yes on the bill in the honor of the slain president. This explains some of the reason why historically we associate Kennedy with Civil Rights and less so with Johnson. Then the following year, Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act – allowing most African Americans to vote for the first time (despite having been enfranchised nearly a century earlier).

LBJ also dreamt of a Great Society, one that included all Americans – not just the middle and upper class. The Great Society extended the ideals of FDR’s depression-era New Deal. Unlike its predecessor, the Great Society extended social programs to people of color, poor whites, and the elderly. And LBJ acted quickly – he knew that support for these programs would be short-lived. However, such programs greatly improved the lives of almost all Americans both then and now. Great Society programs include:

Project Head Start (1965) – provided food, health, & day care to impoverished preschool age children.

Medicare Act (1965) – medical insurance for those 65 and older. Extended to those with disabilities. Also paid for prescription drugs and nursing care.

Medicaid (1965) – Health insurance for low-income families.

National Endowment for Humanities & Arts (1965) – Funding for scholars, writers, musicians, & performers.

Public Broadcasting Act (1967) – Created corporation to fund PBS & NPR (one the great success stories).

Immigration & Nationality Services Act (1965) – Rolled back the restrictive 1924 Immigration Act that had aimed restrictions targeted at Asian & Latin American immigrants.

Fair  Housing Act (1968) – Prohibits discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, gender, familial status, or disability in selling or renting homes.

VISTA – A domestic version of Kennedy’s Peace Corps, dedicated to improving the lives of Americans.

Why do we forget about all this and only remember Vietnam? Well, for one LBJ most definitely led some of its largest blunders. While he recognized the problems inherent with Vietnam, the path had been set in motion by the presidents before him (starting with Truman and lasting through JFK). In his 1964 election year, he felt pushed to escalate the war by his staunch hawk Republican opponent, Barry Goldwater. Johnson also lacked the savvy to navigate relations with foreign leaders or even acknowledge cultural differences. This led him to decide, often recommended by his cabinet and military leaders, to attack the Viet Cong with full force. He could not consider the reactions of the Viet Cong enemy or even recognize their will to maintain autonomy. Finally, even LBJ’s most strident supports (namely Civil Rights leaders) found themselves turning their back on the president due to the war. In 1968, LBJ felt he had no choice but to withdraw from the presidential election – and he was right.

Today is a good day to remember both sides of our former president.

Questioning Authority

Unfortunately, I haven’t had much time to sort out this Stanley McChrystal mess. However, it does have some historical significance (namely General McClellan under President Lincoln, General MacArthur under President Truman, and General Westmoreland under LBJ). I have just been reading an article by NPR that does a nice job of finding and explaining those historical links: History Says McChrystal Will Lose His Job.

I’m hoping to have a post about McChrystal and the historical relevance after we know the outcome, but in the meantime enjoy NPR’s coverage and other posts on the blog.

The Freedom Summer Lynching

Today in 1964,  three civil rights workers disappeared in Philadelphia, Mississippi. The three men, Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James E. Cheney (all in their 20s) had been in Mississippi for a Civil Rights training session. Both Schwerner and Cheney (the only African American of the three) belong to the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a leading Civil Rights organization of the early 1960s.

During the six weeks it took to find the bodies (buried in a dam), local authorities remained skeptical that anything had happened to the young men. Sheriff L.A. Rainey (later found to be a part of the lynching) told the New York Times “If they’re missing, they just hid somewhere, trying to get a lot of publicity out of it, I figure.” His quote reflected the attitude of many in the town. The local police virtually ignored the missing men. However, national outrage prompted President Johnson to force the FBI to investigate.

The three men had been arrested earlier on the day of their disappearance for allegedly speeding. Upon their release the Ku Klux Klan had set up an ambush, knowing which way the three men would be heading from the jail. The mob beat Cheney and shot and killed all three men. Part of the outrage helped create national support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

In 1967, 16 men were charged with conspiracy, all members of the KKK. Eight went to prison (including Sheriff Rainey), but none served more than six years.  For the next 40 years, the case lived on. In 2005, a jury convicted Edgar Ray Killen (one of the KKK members involved in the lynching) of three counts of manslaughter. Killen, 80 years old, received three consecutive terms of 20 years in prison.

In 1988, the film Mississippi Burning provided a fictionalized account of the events.

LBJ’s Civil Rights Act

Today in 1964, Congress approved the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law. The law essentially made it illegal to discriminate against any individual because of his/her race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment or service.

The act followed years of African Americans and white Americans working toward equality. It followed the Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka Kansas ruling that declared separate is inherently unequal. It followed the Mississippi Summer, filled with violence. It followed the Freedom Rides, when African Americans and whites attempted to ride the Greyhound buses into the South. It followed the violent riots in Birmingham that had been aired on televisions across the United States, allowing millions of Americans to witness for the first time the cruelty of racism in an undeniable way. It followed the 1963 March on Washington, where Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. And it followed the assassination of JFK.

Many Civil Rights leaders had hoped that when JFK became president, he would work towards equality for all American (male) citizens. However,  foreign policy (specifically with Cuba) took precedent and left many African Americans disappointed. JFK, and his brother Bobby, tried to divert attention to voting rights (hoping that this would be a less controversial issue). However, it only intensified the poor relationship between the races. Then someone (Lee Harvey Oswald most likely) shot JFK and LBJ took the presidency.

LBJ has long been remembered for the Vietnam War. However, he changed the domestic face of the nation. He avidly supported Civil Rights and used the death of JFK to his advantage. He told the American people and Congress that this bill should be passed in honor of the slain president. JFK became a martyr for Civil Rights. And while the bill still had difficulty passing, including an 83-day filibuster, it passed and brought the nation one step closer to equality.