Today in 1947, the Taft-Hartley Act became law.
Republican Robert A. Taft (son of president William Howard Taft) pushed the Taft-Hartley in an effort to restrain the power of unions. The bill would allow the president to order employees back to work in the event of a strike. The employees would work through an 80-day cooling off period. During this period, collective bargaining between the company and the union continue.
The Act also permitted states to adopt right-to-work laws and ban the closed shops. Right-to-work laws are statuetes which prohibit agreements between unions and employers making membership or payment of union dues a condition of employment. The closed shop had been a powerful asset for unions. Closed shops were closed to those who did not belong to the corresponding union. If everyone had to be a member of the union it would make the union more strong as it would have the support of all employee. By eliminating union membership as a prerequisite for many jobs, unions lot a great deal of their power and their ability to organize.
Now that union membership was no longer required for employment, union members recognized that they would be replaced if they went on strike. Ordinarily, they might have been able to use alternative methods to sway their employers’ opinions, but the Taft-Hartley Act banned these as well. Both sympathy strikes and secondary boycotts were banned. The secondary boycotts are labor actions directed not at an employer, but those who did business with the employer. The theory was that if the companies lost business they would pressure the employer to follow the demands of the union. This was an effective way to keep employees in their jobs working but also make demands against their employers. By removing this, the unions were forced to follow more traditional (and now less effective) means of demanding change.
Finally, union officials were required to swear they were not communists, reflecting the new red scare sweeping the nation. Those who refused to make such a statement were left without legal protection and the nation’s largest union, the CIO, expelled numerous left-wing officials and eleven communist-led unions, representing almost one million workers. For some Americans, this also created a permanent link between unions and communism.
President Truman vetoed the bill, but the Republican-controlled Congress over turned his veto with a two-thirds vote.
Tag Archives: Communism
Combating Communism? Give Billions
Today in 1947, U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall explained the Marshall Plan. After World War II ended, Europe found itself in economic peril. At the same time, the Cold War was quickly erupting between the United States and the Soviet Union. The U.S. immediately became concerned that the U.S.S.R. would take advantage of Europe’s economic woes and spread communism through the European continent. Within two years of the end of the Second World War, much of Europe lay in ruins, with widespread food shortages and rampant inflation. In 1946-47, Europe experienced a severe winter, exacerbating the economic problem and strengthening communist parties in France and Italy. The U.S. was quickly becoming very concerned.
George C. Marshall announced a recovery plan for Europe’s economy. The plan invited all European nations to request monetary assistance. This would kill two birds with one stone for the U.S. First, it would help eliminate conditions where it was feared communism might flourish. Second, it would create an automatic market for American goods, thus ensuring the American economy’s stability and strength. Marshall insisted the program was not first pointed at combating communism, “Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.” Who could challenge fighting hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos?
Apparently, no one. While there were some isolationists who held out against the U.S. becoming involved in world affairs, they were quickly quieted by communist takeovers in Czechoslovakia and Poland. The Marshall Plan became one of the most successful foreign aid and programs in history.
The U.S. government poured billions of dollars into Europe and encouraged Americans to also aid Europe by visiting the continent. The Plan was well advertised (see the above image, insisting that without the plan American families would eventually starve!)
This brief history of the Marshall Plan begs the question, would the U.S. be able to pay so much out in a current situation? Would we loan billions to Iraq or Afghanistan?
Propaganda Meet the Cold War
Tonight in my History 102 class we discussed the propaganda used during the early years of the Cold War, specifically looking the first five or so years following World War II. In these years, the U.S. found itself as a major world power. It also found itself pitted against its former ally, the U.S.S.R. Hence, propaganda was used in at least two main ways.
First, this early Cold War propaganda worked to position U.S. citizens against a very recent ally, one that made victory more possible in Europe. The U.S. perception of the U.S.S.R. was already an interesting one. In the 1920s, the U.S. experienced its first Red Scare, reacting to Lenin’s overthrow of the Russian government. While initially many Americans supported this revolt, immediately the reality of Lenin’s communist state took hold. Quickly, socialist and communist groups nationwide felt the pain of discrimination.
However, with the Great Depression, both groups found some regained popularity (although it should be clearly noted that neither had any type of majority). When World War II broke out, Germany and the U.S.S.R. had brokered a tentative agreement that served their immediate interests. When Germany violated this agreement, the U.S.S.R. joined the allies. Americans had to move toward a more tolerant position of the nation. Fast forward to 1945, and the ideological and economic differences between the two nations quick became apparent. So, the U.S. used propaganda to help re-position Americans tolerance of the Soviet Union.
This quickly moved to a new problem: dealing with American fear. As soon as it was understood that the Soviet Union presented a real threat (particularly when they had the atomic bomb), Americans were fearful of nuclear attack. This is very understandable, recall the devastating impact of the two atomic bombs dropped on Japan.
This leads to the second main use of propaganda. It tackled such fear with re-painting atomic bombs as dangerous but not too dangerous! While scientists of the day proclaimed fallout shelters as potential to promote atomic war and actually would be unable to protect its inhabits from such powerful bombs; cleaver media tactics made it the immediate solution to atomic fear. This along with the that ducking and covering prompted Americans to be comfortable with a build of atomic weapons.
Hence a publicly supported cold war that continued to several decades.Oh propaganda, how the 50s loved thee!
